Antibody

An antibody is a large, Y-shaped protein produced primarily by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances. Antibodies are highly specific, binding to a particular target, called an antigen, like a lock and key. This binding triggers a cascade of immune responses aimed at eliminating the threat. They are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, providing long-term immunity. Antibodies are found in blood, tissue fluids, and breast milk. They are also called immunoglobulins and play a vital role in both the innate and acquired immune responses within the body.

Antibody meaning with examples

• During a viral infection, the body produces antibodies to fight the invading virus. The antibodies latch onto the viral particles, preventing them from infecting healthy cells. This process of antibody-mediated neutralization is a key defense mechanism. Consequently, repeated exposure can produce long-term immunity, because the body 'remembers' and is quicker to respond.
• Vaccines work by introducing weakened or inactive antigens to stimulate antibody production. This allows the immune system to 'learn' how to recognize and defend against the real pathogen without causing illness. This is a great method to help prevent illness, because the body will react quickly to the antigens in the future.
• Antibody tests are used to determine if a person has been infected with a particular pathogen or if they have immunity from a prior infection or vaccination. The presence of specific antibodies in the blood indicates exposure and immune response. This provides insights into past and present health conditions.
• In certain autoimmune diseases, the body mistakenly produces antibodies that attack its own tissues. These autoantibodies can cause inflammation and damage to various organs and systems, leading to chronic health problems and, in some cases, requiring treatments like immunosuppressants.
• Researchers are developing antibody-based therapies, or monoclonal antibodies, to treat diseases like cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. These therapies use engineered antibodies to target and destroy cancerous cells or block inflammatory pathways, often improving patient outcomes and survival rates.