Chitooligosaccharides

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are short chains of the polysaccharide chitosan, formed through enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis. Chitosan, in turn, is derived from chitin, a major component of crustacean exoskeletons and insect cuticles. These oligosaccharides vary in their degree of polymerization (DP), typically ranging from two to ten or more sugar units. COS exhibit a range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties, making them valuable in diverse applications such as agriculture, biomedicine, and food science. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability further enhance their appeal. The specific properties of COS are often related to their molecular weight, the degree of acetylation, and the position of amino groups.

Chitooligosaccharides meaning with examples

• In agriculture, chitooligosaccharides are used as biostimulants. They enhance plant growth, improve disease resistance, and promote nutrient uptake. COS treatments stimulate the plant's natural defense mechanisms, making crops less susceptible to fungal infections and insect infestations. For instance, spraying tomato plants with COS solutions can lead to higher yields and reduced pesticide use.
• Biomedical research explores the use of chitooligosaccharides in drug delivery. COS's ability to interact with cell membranes makes them effective carriers for therapeutic agents. COS nanoparticles can encapsulate drugs, protecting them from degradation and facilitating their targeted delivery to specific cells or tissues within the body, leading to improved drug efficacy.
• Chitooligosaccharides exhibit potent antimicrobial properties. They can disrupt the cell walls of bacteria and fungi, inhibiting their growth and proliferation. COS are utilized in food preservation, wound healing, and the development of antimicrobial coatings for medical devices. COS can also be incorporated in animal feed, offering a sustainable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.
• In food science, chitooligosaccharides act as prebiotics, stimulating the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. They improve gut health and enhance nutrient absorption, leading to a stronger immune response. They can be added to functional foods and beverages to promote digestive health and overall well-being. COS also have applications as film-forming agents in food packaging, extending the shelf life of fresh produce.
• Wound healing applications leverage chitooligosaccharides' ability to promote cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. COS-based dressings accelerate wound closure, reduce inflammation, and minimize scarring. COS can stimulate the production of collagen and other extracellular matrix components, contributing to the rapid repair of damaged tissues and improving aesthetic outcomes.