Closed-source

Closed-source software, also known as proprietary software, is computer software for which the source code is kept secret from the user. This means that users are generally not allowed to access, inspect, modify, or redistribute the software's underlying code. Access and use are typically governed by a license agreement that restricts usage to specific terms and conditions set by the copyright holder, often the software vendor. The primary focus of closed-source software is on commercial distribution and intellectual property protection, contrasting with the open collaboration and transparency of open-source alternatives. The aim is generally for developers to profit from selling and maintaining the software.

Closed-source meaning with examples

• Microsoft Windows is a prominent example of closed-source software. Users cannot examine the source code or make modifications, relying on the vendor for updates and support. This contrasts with open-source operating systems. The closed-source nature limits user control, yet offers a generally more polished end-user experience, as long as you agree to the terms of use of the licensing agreement, and pay for it.
• Many video games are distributed as closed-source applications. The developers tightly control the game's code to prevent cheating and copyright infringement, and to protect their intellectual property. While modifications by users are typically restricted, it helps with quality control. Some games do offer developer-supported mods, but the base code remains closed, ensuring that the developers profit from the game.
• Closed-source database management systems like Oracle Database are widely used in businesses. Their proprietary nature provides vendor control over features, security, and updates, but at the cost of flexibility. It is a good solution as long as the vendor supports the product, but it can be risky if that support is discontinued. This ensures vendors can derive revenue from licensing and service agreements.
• Adobe Photoshop, a popular image editing software, is a closed-source application. Users must purchase a license to use it, and cannot access the source code to customize it. The business model depends on maintaining tight control over the product to ensure the integrity of the codebase to the user.