Cytolytic

Cytolytic, derived from 'cyto' (cell) and 'lytic' (causing destruction), describes the capacity or process of causing cell lysis, or the disintegration of a cell. This typically involves the breakdown of the cell membrane, leading to the release of the cell's contents and ultimately, cell death. The term is often used in immunology and microbiology to describe the action of certain substances, cells, or pathogens on target cells. cytolytic activity is a crucial mechanism in various biological processes, including immune defense against infected cells and the pathogenesis of certain diseases.

Cytolytic meaning with examples

• Natural killer (NK) cells exhibit potent cytolytic activity, destroying virally infected and cancerous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes. These molecules induce apoptosis and cell lysis, protecting the host.
• The cytolytic effects of certain bacterial toxins, such as streptolysin, contribute to tissue damage and inflammation during infections. These toxins perforate cell membranes leading to a cascade of cellular destruction and release of inflammatory mediators.
• Researchers are investigating the cytolytic potential of engineered T cells, like CAR T cells, to target and eliminate specific cancer cells. This targeted cytolysis aims to be a highly effective cancer treatment.
• In autoimmune diseases, aberrant cytolytic responses from T cells can lead to the destruction of healthy cells and tissues. This leads to chronic inflammation and organ damage.
• Certain viruses employ cytolytic strategies to facilitate their spread, by infecting host cells, hijacking their machinery and then lysing the host cell to release progeny virions for further infection and proliferation.