Foreshortening

Foreshortening is a technique used in art to create the illusion of depth by shortening or compressing the dimensions of an object or figure as it recedes into space. This effect is achieved when the object or figure is viewed from an angle that is not directly perpendicular to its surface. The application of foreshortening makes the object appear three-dimensional and dynamic, as the closer parts appear larger and the parts further away appear smaller, even though in reality, the object's proportions remain constant. foreshortening helps to create a realistic depiction of the object on a two-dimensional surface. This is a very powerful tool for art.

Foreshortening meaning with examples

• In Leonardo da Vinci's 'The Last Supper', the table is foreshortened to emphasize its length and create depth, drawing the viewer's eye through the scene. The receding architecture in the background is foreshortened, making the room look more realistic and spacious. It creates a compelling visual dynamic.
• The artist masterfully employed foreshortening in the depiction of the athlete's outstretched arm, making it appear to extend powerfully toward the viewer. By carefully manipulating perspective, they compressed the distance between the hand and shoulder, enhancing the sense of motion.
• Photographers utilize foreshortening to create dramatic perspectives. When capturing a train approaching directly at the camera, the length of the train is dramatically foreshortened. This technique can emphasize the speed and power of the moving vehicle by manipulating its proportions.
• Sculptors consider foreshortening when positioning figures, as exemplified by Michelangelo’s statue of David. His limbs are foreshortened, adding a naturalistic complexity that makes his figures look dynamically three-dimensional, further enhancing the realism of his work.