Haemolysis

Haemolysis (also spelled hemolysis) is the breakdown or destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes), resulting in the release of their contents into the surrounding fluid (e.g., blood plasma). This process can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, immune reactions, genetic disorders, drug exposure, mechanical damage, and toxins. When haemolysis occurs, haemoglobin is released, which can lead to anemia, jaundice, and other serious health complications. The severity of haemolysis depends on the rate and extent of red blood cell destruction.

Haemolysis meaning with examples

• A patient presented with severe anaemia, prompting a blood test that revealed haemolysis, possibly caused by an autoimmune response. The released haemoglobin caused discolouration of the urine, a clear sign of red blood cell destruction. Further investigation into the patient's medical history revealed a recent infection, a likely trigger for the immune reaction.
• Certain parasitic infections, such as malaria, are notorious for inducing significant haemolysis within the host. This process is a key part of the parasite's life cycle, resulting in the release of cellular debris and haemoglobin into the bloodstream, causing severe anaemia and other complications for the infected person.
• Incompatible blood transfusions, where the recipient's immune system attacks the donor's red blood cells, represent a severe form of haemolysis. This can lead to a rapid and life-threatening reaction. The immediate symptoms of haemolysis are chills, fever and back pain, which quickly escalate if not treated promptly.
• Certain genetic conditions, like hereditary spherocytosis, can cause premature breakdown of red blood cells due to a structural defect, resulting in chronic haemolysis and increased susceptibility to jaundice. Management of such conditions typically involves monitoring and supportive care, and in severe cases, may require splenectomy.
• Mechanical damage to red blood cells, such as that caused by artificial heart valves or certain medical equipment, can lead to mild or severe haemolysis. This type of haemolysis is often monitored through regular blood tests and adjustments of medication to minimize the risk of severe complications.