Intercalation is the reversible inclusion or insertion of a molecule (or ion) between layers of a host material, such as a layered solid or a biological structure, without significantly disrupting the host structure's original properties. It is often driven by electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, or hydrogen bonding. The intercalating species can range from small atoms and ions to large organic molecules and polymers. The process modifies the host's properties, leading to changes in its electrical conductivity, optical properties, or catalytic activity. Successful intercalation depends on the size, shape, and charge of both the host and the guest molecules, as well as the interlayer spacing of the host structure. The driving force for intercalation can be concentration gradients, chemical potential differences, or applied electrical fields.
Intercalation meaning with examples
- In graphite, lithium ions can intercalate between the carbon layers, forming lithium-graphite intercalation compounds. This process is crucial for the function of lithium-ion batteries. The lithium ions increase the distance between carbon layers, allowing for ionic conductivity. This ability of graphite to intercalate lithium makes it a vital component in rechargeable batteries, storing electrical energy in an efficient and reversible manner.
- Certain drugs, such as ethidium bromide, intercalate into the DNA double helix. This is achieved by inserting between base pairs, thereby disrupting DNA replication and transcription. The intercalation stabilizes the DNA structure, preventing proper functioning. This can lead to the treatment of diseases or be exploited in laboratories for DNA analysis. This also inhibits the activity of the DNA, potentially with therapeutic results, and so is highly studied.
- In layered double hydroxides (LDHs), anions such as chloride or carbonate can intercalate between the positively charged hydroxide layers. This alters the surface charge and pore size of the material. These intercalated LDHs are useful as catalysts and as adsorbents. These layered materials allow for the creation of highly functional substances tailored for specific applications, impacting a range of industries.
- The intercalation of dye molecules into clay minerals alters the color and optical properties of the clay. This process is used to create pigments and sensors. The host clay provides structural support and a large surface area for the guest molecules. The resulting composite materials can show enhanced color intensity or fluorescence, expanding their usability.
- Lithium ions intercalating between graphene layers alters the electrical conductivity, which is used in batteries. This process is a prime example of intercalation within a host structure for applied purpose.
Intercalation Synonyms
impregnation incorporation infusion insertion interpositionIntercalation Antonyms
de-intercalation exfoliation expulsion extraction removalIntercalation Crossword Answers
8 Letters
EMBOLISM