Intertextual

Relating to the dependence of a text on other texts, especially through references to other literary works, historical events, cultural practices, or philosophical ideas. It describes the complex relationships between texts, where a work's meaning is shaped not only by its own internal structure but also by its connections to and borrowings from other works. Intertextuality can manifest as direct quotations, allusions, parody, pastiche, or more subtle echoes and influences. Analyzing intertextuality involves identifying these connections and understanding how they enrich, complicate, or subvert the original text's meaning and impact.

Intertextual meaning with examples

• Shakespeare's *Hamlet* is richly intertextual, drawing upon the conventions of revenge tragedy, classical mythology, and philosophical debates prevalent in his time. Characters like Ophelia echo figures from earlier tales, and the play engages with themes explored in works like Seneca's tragedies. This layering enriches the play's meaning, providing deeper context, and showcasing the interplay of timeless themes.
• The film *Pulp Fiction* demonstrates intertextuality through its use of classic film noir tropes, allusions to genre conventions, and direct quotations from other films and cultural references. These elements create a postmodern narrative that acknowledges and plays with established cinematic traditions, resulting in a self-aware and referential cinematic experience.
• A modern novel might be intertextual through referencing famous works such as *Pride and Prejudice*, using a Jane Austen style, or incorporating lines from *Moby Dick*. These references would allow the reader to gain a deeper understanding of character motivations and themes as the author weaves in and out of the intertext.
• Political cartoons often use intertextuality by referencing current events and figures, drawing on our shared knowledge of history, cultural icons, and social contexts. A cartoon might depict a politician in a pose reminiscent of a famous painting, or a caption using a line of poetry to provide social commentary, making it meaningful to a well-informed audience.