Monist

A monist is a philosophical position that asserts the ultimate unity or oneness of reality. It proposes that the universe, or a specific domain of existence, can be explained by a single, fundamental principle or substance, rejecting the existence of multiple independent realities. This singular underlying essence can manifest in various forms, but the fundamental reality remains unified. Different types of monism focus on different fundamental substances, such as matter, mind, or a combination of both. Monism contrasts with dualism and pluralism.

Monist meaning with examples

• Spinoza, a prominent philosopher, proposed a form of monism called substance monism, arguing that God, or nature, is the only substance, encompassing all things. This view emphasizes a fundamental interconnectedness. His philosophy suggested a singular, self-caused, and infinite substance, encompassing all phenomena, rejecting the idea of separate, independent entities.
• In Eastern philosophies, particularly Advaita Vedanta, monism proposes that the individual self (Atman) is ultimately identical to the universal reality (Brahman). This monistic perspective emphasizes the illusion of separateness. The goal is to realize this unity. Understanding the non-dualistic nature of existence leads to liberation from suffering and ignorance.
• Materialistic monism, common in scientific contexts, posits that matter is the fundamental substance and that everything, including consciousness, can be explained by physical processes. This perspective rejects the existence of non-physical entities. According to this view, the mind arises from the physical activity of the brain.
• Idealistic monism maintains that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual. This view holds that consciousness or mind is the ultimate substance. Phenomena are seen as mental manifestations. This perspective emphasizes the primacy of ideas, consciousness, and the spiritual realm over the material world.