Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of a small number of monosaccharide units (typically 2 to 10) linked together by glycosidic bonds. These relatively short carbohydrate chains play crucial roles in various biological processes. They are involved in cell recognition, signaling pathways, and the structural components of cell surfaces. Oligosaccharides are intermediate in size between monosaccharides (single sugar molecules) and polysaccharides (long chains of sugars). The specific arrangement and type of monosaccharides within an oligosaccharide determine its unique properties and function. Their structural diversity allows for a wide range of biological activities.

Oligosaccharide meaning with examples

• Lactose, a disaccharide (2 sugar units) found in milk, is a common example of an oligosaccharide. It breaks down into glucose and galactose during digestion. This process is critical for infants as a source of energy and nutrients. Its breakdown is accomplished by the enzyme lactase.
• In glycoprotein synthesis, oligosaccharides are attached to proteins, forming glycans. These glycans are often crucial for protein folding, stability, and interactions within the cellular environment. Specific oligosaccharide modifications can regulate the function and localization of glycoproteins.
• Many plant-based foods contain fructooligosaccharides (FOS). These are prebiotics that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This prebiotic action supports digestive health and strengthens the immune system by enhancing the gut microbiome.
• The cell walls of bacteria and some plants often contain oligosaccharides, which contribute to their structural integrity. These oligosaccharides may be specific to the type of cell or contribute to the function of the cell's environment.