Ovule

An ovule, also known as the seed bud, is the structure in seed plants that contains the female reproductive cells, specifically the egg cell (or several). It develops within the ovary, a part of the female reproductive organ, and after fertilization by pollen, the ovule matures into a seed, housing the developing embryo. The ovule's structure varies across different plant groups, but generally includes a central nucellus (containing the embryo sac with the egg cell), surrounded by protective layers called integuments that eventually form the seed coat. The ovule's position within the ovary is critical for successful fertilization and subsequent seed development, directly influencing the species' reproductive success.

Ovule meaning with examples

• In angiosperms, the ovule is located inside the ovary, connected to the placental tissue by a stalk called the funiculus. After pollination, the pollen tube travels towards the ovule to deliver sperm, which fertilizes the egg within. The fertilized ovule then develops into a seed, ready for dispersal and germination, ensuring the continuation of the plant species.
• The morphology of the ovule, including the orientation of the micropyle (the opening where the pollen tube enters), is important for efficient pollination. The ovule's position in the ovary impacts seed number and positioning. Understanding the ovule's development is key for plant breeders. This helps control fertilization and improve seed yield in agricultural crops.
• Gymnosperms have 'naked seeds', as the ovules aren't enclosed within an ovary. Instead, they typically reside on cone scales, where they receive direct pollination. When the pollen lands on an ovule, fertilization occurs, giving rise to the embryo inside the seed. This seed develops independently and is later released.
• Scientists study the developmental biology of ovules to understand plant reproduction. Analyzing the structure of ovules and their gene expression is an important step to ensure better seed production, disease resistance, and adaptation to climate changes. The structure of ovules also help plant taxonomists to classify different species.