Single-molecule

Referring to the investigation, manipulation, or observation of individual molecules, as opposed to ensembles containing vast numbers of molecules. single-molecule studies aim to elucidate molecular mechanisms and dynamics by resolving the behavior of individual entities, overcoming ensemble averaging that can obscure critical details. These techniques frequently involve advanced microscopy, spectroscopy, and manipulation tools, allowing for the precise tracking of a single molecule's properties over time. The field provides unprecedented insights into complex biological processes, materials science, and chemical reactions, with applications from drug discovery to understanding fundamental physical principles. The inherent challenge is achieving high sensitivity and selectivity in the presence of noise and molecular heterogeneity.

Single-molecule meaning with examples

• Using advanced fluorescence microscopy, the team conducted a single-molecule investigation of protein folding, observing the conformational changes of a single protein molecule in real time. This provided crucial data on the folding pathway, which could not be obtained through traditional ensemble measurements. The findings could shed light on diseases caused by protein misfolding.
• Researchers employed optical tweezers to perform single-molecule force spectroscopy on DNA molecules, determining their mechanical properties and response to external forces. The technique allowed for the measurement of the forces required to unwind DNA at different points along its sequence and further understand the complex biological mechanisms.
• In materials science, the team explored the application of single-molecule conductance measurements to characterize the electronic transport properties of organic molecules for use in designing nanoscale electronic devices. The data revealed the relationship between molecular structure and electron flow, offering insights into potential materials.
• To understand enzyme catalysis, scientists used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to track the conformational changes of an enzyme as it interacted with its substrate. The high-resolution view gave details about the enzyme's catalytic mechanism and dynamics, something that could not have been observed through traditional techniques.