Acid-base

In chemistry, an **acid-base** reaction refers to the transfer of a proton (hydrogen ion, H+) or, more broadly, the donation and acceptance of electron pairs. Acids are substances that can donate protons or accept electron pairs, while bases are substances that can accept protons or donate electron pairs. This interaction leads to a neutralization reaction where the acidic and basic properties cancel each other out, often resulting in the formation of water and a salt. The strength of an acid or base is determined by its ability to ionize in a solution.

Acid-base meaning with examples

• In a classic acid-base titration, a known concentration of an acid (like hydrochloric acid) is slowly added to a base (like sodium hydroxide) or vice-versa, until the reaction is complete. This precise addition allows for determination of the unknown concentration of the base or acid using an indicator to show when the reaction is complete. This is a common technique in analytical chemistry.
• The human stomach contains hydrochloric acid, which aids in the digestion of food. To counteract the excess acidity and soothe an upset stomach, an antacid (a base, such as magnesium hydroxide) is often taken to neutralize the acid. This acid-base reaction alleviates symptoms of indigestion or heartburn. A good stomach medicine needs the right acid-base balance.
• The sour taste of vinegar comes from acetic acid, which can be neutralized by a base such as baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). The reaction of baking soda and vinegar produces carbon dioxide gas, commonly used in simple science demonstrations, like the classic baking soda volcano. The acid-base interaction causes the reaction.
• Acid rain, formed when atmospheric pollutants like sulfur dioxide react with water, has environmental consequences like harming aquatic life and corroding buildings. The acid can be neutralized by adding a base, but it's more sustainable to reduce emissions. This acid-base interaction will show its impact for years to come.