Hyperchromic describes a substance or solution that exhibits an abnormally increased intensity of color, often due to an alteration in its molecular structure or the presence of a higher concentration of a chromophore (a part of a molecule responsible for its color). This phenomenon frequently occurs in biological contexts, such as changes observed in nucleic acids when they denature, or in certain dyes and pigments under specific conditions. The increase in color intensity is usually quantitatively measurable, providing insights into the underlying processes. It can indicate, for example, the breakdown of complex structures or an increase in light absorption. Furthermore, its opposite state, hypochromism, depicts reduced coloration.
Hyperchromic meaning with examples
- When DNA strands are heated, they denature, and the absorbance of ultraviolet light at 260 nm increases, a phenomenon called the hyperchromic effect. This allows scientists to measure the melting temperature and investigate the stability of the DNA molecule. The greater the rise in absorbance, the more the double helix has opened up.
- Researchers studying the binding of a drug to DNA often look for hyperchromic shifts. If a drug binds to the DNA, it will shift from its normal state to one where absorption is higher. This is one way the drug can alter the structure of DNA and affect transcription, helping determine a drug's efficacy.
- In analytical chemistry, spectrophotometry might use a hyperchromic effect to enhance color intensity and make the detection of the analyte easier and more accurate. This effect can be the result of the use of specific solvents, or of the specific wavelengths of light being utilized during the experiment.
- Specialty dyes used in textiles sometimes demonstrate a hyperchromic reaction to exposure to ultraviolet light. This creates a richer color, which in turn can be used for effect, but also can signal a breakdown in the long term stability of the fabric and dye's combined molecular structure.
- During specific types of disease diagnostics, serum hyperchromic reactions can be indicative of specific disease processes, making hyperchromic tests a useful diagnostic tool. For instance, changes in proteins will increase absorption, which is used by some tests to monitor the progression of the diseases or the efficacy of treatment.