Open-loop

An 'open-loop' system or process is one that does not use feedback to control its operation. It relies solely on pre-programmed instructions or inputs, without monitoring or adjusting its output based on the actual results achieved. The system operates in a predetermined manner, regardless of environmental changes or deviations from the desired outcome. This contrasts with closed-loop systems, which continuously adjust their behavior based on feedback.

Open-loop meaning with examples

• In an open-loop irrigation system, the sprinklers operate for a set duration regardless of soil moisture levels or rainfall. This method could lead to water wastage during wet conditions or insufficient watering during dry spells, showcasing the lack of adaptive control.
• A basic traffic light system, timed independently of real-time traffic flow, is open-loop. The lights change at fixed intervals, regardless of the number of vehicles waiting, leading to potential delays during peak hours or periods with minimal traffic.
• An open-loop cruise control system on an older car simply maintains a constant throttle position, even when encountering inclines or declines. The car's speed will vary based on these environmental changes, highlighting the system's rigidity.
• A simple robotic arm that executes a pre-programmed series of movements without any sensors to confirm its actions, like hitting a specific button, is functioning as an open-loop system, unable to adapt to outside interference.
• Open-loop marketing campaigns often deploy messaging to a broad audience without tracking responses or tailoring future communication. This can lead to inefficient use of resources as the system is blind to audience engagement.